NKG2D coexpressed with 4-1BB is unique for being refractory to TGF-β1 down-modulation. (A) CD8+ T cells were costimulated for 3 days with (i) isotype control IgG, (ii) anti–4-1BB, or (iii) subsequent anti–4-1BB costimulation after anti-NKG2D costimulation. Costimulated cells were further treated with or without TGF-β1 for 3 days in the presence of anti-CD3 and IL-15 and analyzed for expression of NKG2D and 4-1BB by flow cytometry. Numbers in each quadrant represent percentage of cells expressing NKG2D and/or 4-1BB. (B) Differential responses to TGF-β1 in NKG2D+4-1BB− and NKG2D+4-1BB+ cells were analyzed. Percentage of respective subset cells before and after TGF-β1 treatment in the costimulated cells described in panel A were calculated as mean plus or minus SD from 4 different CB samples.