Panels A-D: AML Cells of patient #661 gated on CD34+/CD38-ve (“LSC”) fraction examined for viability with 7AAD and apoptosis with AnnexinV – A Ghost Liposomes, B –Lip-C6, C, VBL, D Lip-C6+VBL. Panels E and F – whole cell populations and CD34+/CD38-ve respectively – results of this study of 13 AMLs with Lip-C6, VBL and Chloroquine as shown. In nearly all cases at least additive efficacy was seen with VBL or chloroquine added to Lip-C6, but this was particularly dramatic in cells with the LSC phenotype. Panel G shows human AML in the marrow of xenografted NSG mice treated with IV combinatorial nanoliposomes(NL). AML was quantitated by flow cytometry for human specific myeloid antigens. Lip-C6 alone shows minimal activity and ∼50% of AML growth is inhibited by the VBL only NL, whereas the Lip-C6 and VBL combinatorial NLs yield optimal inhibition of hAML growth.