Evaluation of the responses to colitogenic microbiota at the intestinal barrier identified by RNA-seq. (A) Fold change relative to the WT in the genes related to mucus production in CECs from IRCM WT, gp91^phox–/–, and p47^phox–/– mice treated with DSS (n = 4-5). The data represent medians with interquartile ranges. Significance was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test (∗P < .05). (B) Alcian blue staining of distal colon sections containing a fecal pellet harvested from IRCM WT, gp91^phox–/–, and p47^phox–/– mice treated with DSS (left). Black lines delineate the mucus layer. Scale bars, 50 μm. Bar graphs show the mucus thickness measurement and goblet cell count in the same high-power field for all mice (right, n = 3 per group). Significance was determined using a 1-way ANOVA test (∗P < .05; ∗∗P < .01). (C) Fold change relative to the WT of genes related to inflammasome activation in CECs from IRCM WT, gp91^phox–/–, and p47^phox–/– mice treated with DSS (n = 4-5). (D) Western blot analysis of CEC lysates showing the expression of IL-1β (pro and active form), caspase-1 (procaspase-1 and active p20 fragment), and β-actin (loading control). Active forms of caspase-1 and secreted IL-1β are indicated with the black arrowhead. Bar graph represents the quantification of the IL-1β band intensity as fold change normalized to pro–IL-1β.