Figure 1.
The role of ADAR enzymes in RNA editing. ADAR enzymes bind to dsRNA regions and convert A to I, affecting various RNA types. (A) Precursor mRNA. Editing within exons can alter coding sequences, leading to amino acid changes or premature translation termination, potentially resulting in dysfunctional proteins. Editing at introns can influence splicing, generating extended or shortened isoforms. In the 3' UTR, editing affects miRNA binding, in which perfect binding with new target miRNAs promotes mRNA degradation and translation repression, whereas imperfect binding with previously bound miRNAs may enhance mRNA stability. (B) Mature mRNA. In some cases, RNA editing occurs after splicing, in which dsRNA structures within a single exon or between exons can lead to amino acid substitutions. (C) LncRNA. Editing of lncRNAs modulates their interactions with miRNAs and influences their stability by recruiting RNA-stabilizing proteins. (D) Pri-miRNA. Editing at (1) the Drosha-DGCR8 cleavage site or (2) the DICER/TRBP cleavage site can inhibit miRNA biogenesis, leading to degradation by inosine-dependent ribonucleases, such as Tudor-SN. Additionally, editing may hinder (3) RISC loading. Editing within (4) the seed region can alter miRNA target specificity, enabling binding to new target genes or releasing previous target genes. In the figure, the red strand represents the guide strand, whereas the blue strand represents the passenger strand. (E) Circular RNA. RNA editing in inverted Alu repeats of circular RNAs can unwind the dsRNA structure, preventing 3′ to 5′ back splicing of exons and thus promoting linear mRNA formation. (F) Viral RNA. RNA editing in viral RNA induces amino acid changes, playing a critical role in the viral life cycle, immune evasion, and pathogenesis. (G) tRNA. RNA editing in the anticodon loop (eg, A34 and A37) enables inosine to pair with multiple codons. circRNA, circular RNA; Drosha, mouse protein; DROSHA, human protein. lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex; tRNA, transfer RNA.

The role of ADAR enzymes in RNA editing. ADAR enzymes bind to dsRNA regions and convert A to I, affecting various RNA types. (A) Precursor mRNA. Editing within exons can alter coding sequences, leading to amino acid changes or premature translation termination, potentially resulting in dysfunctional proteins. Editing at introns can influence splicing, generating extended or shortened isoforms. In the 3' UTR, editing affects miRNA binding, in which perfect binding with new target miRNAs promotes mRNA degradation and translation repression, whereas imperfect binding with previously bound miRNAs may enhance mRNA stability. (B) Mature mRNA. In some cases, RNA editing occurs after splicing, in which dsRNA structures within a single exon or between exons can lead to amino acid substitutions. (C) LncRNA. Editing of lncRNAs modulates their interactions with miRNAs and influences their stability by recruiting RNA-stabilizing proteins. (D) Pri-miRNA. Editing at (1) the Drosha-DGCR8 cleavage site or (2) the DICER/TRBP cleavage site can inhibit miRNA biogenesis, leading to degradation by inosine-dependent ribonucleases, such as Tudor-SN. Additionally, editing may hinder (3) RISC loading. Editing within (4) the seed region can alter miRNA target specificity, enabling binding to new target genes or releasing previous target genes. In the figure, the red strand represents the guide strand, whereas the blue strand represents the passenger strand. (E) Circular RNA. RNA editing in inverted Alu repeats of circular RNAs can unwind the dsRNA structure, preventing 3′ to 5′ back splicing of exons and thus promoting linear mRNA formation. (F) Viral RNA. RNA editing in viral RNA induces amino acid changes, playing a critical role in the viral life cycle, immune evasion, and pathogenesis. (G) tRNA. RNA editing in the anticodon loop (eg, A34 and A37) enables inosine to pair with multiple codons. circRNA, circular RNA; Drosha, mouse protein; DROSHA, human protein. lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex; tRNA, transfer RNA.

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