DC maturation stimuli
Classes . | Examples . | Receptor on DC . | Notes . |
|---|---|---|---|
| TNF family molecules | TNFα (TNF) | TNFR (TNFRSF1A) | TNF family molecules are found on a variety of activated immune cells. |
| CD40L (CD154, TNFSF5) | CD40 (TNFSFR5) | ||
| FasL (TNFSF6) | Fas (TNFRSF6) | ||
| TRANCE (TNFSF11) | RANK (TNFRSF11A) | ||
| LIGHT (TNFSF14) | HVEM (TNFRSF14) | ||
| TLR agonists | Bacterial lipopeptides | TLR1 | Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan are breakdown products of host extracellular matrix. β-defensins are host-derived antimicrobial peptides. Imiquimod and R848 are synthetic antiviral compounds (imidazoquinolines). |
| Pathogen-associated peptidoglycans, lipoproteins, glycolipids, Hsp70 | TLR2 | ||
| dsRNA, polyl:C | TLR3 | ||
| LPS, Hsp60, Hsp70, oligosaccharides of hyaluronan, β-defensins | TLR4 | ||
| Flagellin | TLR5 | ||
| Imiquimod | TLR7 | ||
| R-848, ssRNA31,32 | TLR7, TLR8 | ||
| CpG DNA, HSV DNA33 | TLR9 | ||
| Cytokines | IL-1β | IL-1R | — |
| IL-6 | IL-6R | ||
| Growth factors | TSLP | IL-7Rα/TSLPR heterodimer | Expressed by inflamed epithelial cells and stimulates Th2 responses.34 |
| Interferons | IFNα35 | IFNAR1 | — |
| Adhesion molecules | Agonistic antibody | CEACAM-1 (CD66a) | — |
| Costimulatory molecules | Agonistic antibody | B7-DC36 | — |
| Immune complexes | Opsonized antigens | Fc receptors | Triggers signaling via Syk kinase37 |
| Microbes | Viruses (Influenza, HIV) | — | — |
| Bacteria | |||
| Activated lymphocytes | CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | — | — |
| NK cells | |||
| NKT cells | |||
| Vδ1+ γ:δ T cells | |||
| Other | Uric acid38 | ? | Uric acid is released from dying cells. Stimulation of TREM2 on DCs triggers signaling via DAP12.39 |
| Necrotic cells | |||
| Agonistic antibody | TREM2 |
Classes . | Examples . | Receptor on DC . | Notes . |
|---|---|---|---|
| TNF family molecules | TNFα (TNF) | TNFR (TNFRSF1A) | TNF family molecules are found on a variety of activated immune cells. |
| CD40L (CD154, TNFSF5) | CD40 (TNFSFR5) | ||
| FasL (TNFSF6) | Fas (TNFRSF6) | ||
| TRANCE (TNFSF11) | RANK (TNFRSF11A) | ||
| LIGHT (TNFSF14) | HVEM (TNFRSF14) | ||
| TLR agonists | Bacterial lipopeptides | TLR1 | Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan are breakdown products of host extracellular matrix. β-defensins are host-derived antimicrobial peptides. Imiquimod and R848 are synthetic antiviral compounds (imidazoquinolines). |
| Pathogen-associated peptidoglycans, lipoproteins, glycolipids, Hsp70 | TLR2 | ||
| dsRNA, polyl:C | TLR3 | ||
| LPS, Hsp60, Hsp70, oligosaccharides of hyaluronan, β-defensins | TLR4 | ||
| Flagellin | TLR5 | ||
| Imiquimod | TLR7 | ||
| R-848, ssRNA31,32 | TLR7, TLR8 | ||
| CpG DNA, HSV DNA33 | TLR9 | ||
| Cytokines | IL-1β | IL-1R | — |
| IL-6 | IL-6R | ||
| Growth factors | TSLP | IL-7Rα/TSLPR heterodimer | Expressed by inflamed epithelial cells and stimulates Th2 responses.34 |
| Interferons | IFNα35 | IFNAR1 | — |
| Adhesion molecules | Agonistic antibody | CEACAM-1 (CD66a) | — |
| Costimulatory molecules | Agonistic antibody | B7-DC36 | — |
| Immune complexes | Opsonized antigens | Fc receptors | Triggers signaling via Syk kinase37 |
| Microbes | Viruses (Influenza, HIV) | — | — |
| Bacteria | |||
| Activated lymphocytes | CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | — | — |
| NK cells | |||
| NKT cells | |||
| Vδ1+ γ:δ T cells | |||
| Other | Uric acid38 | ? | Uric acid is released from dying cells. Stimulation of TREM2 on DCs triggers signaling via DAP12.39 |
| Necrotic cells | |||
| Agonistic antibody | TREM2 |
TNF indicates tumor necrosis factor; TNFRSF, TNF receptor superfamily; CD40L, CD40 ligand; TNFSF, TNF ligand superfamily; TRANCE, TNF-related activation-induced cytokine; RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB); LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes; HVEM, Herpes virus entry mediator; TLR, Toll-like receptor; Hsp, heat shock protein; dsRNA, double-stranded viral RNA; LPS, bacterial lipopolysaccharide; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA; CpG DNA, bacterial unmethylated CpG motif DNA; HSV, Herpes simplex virus; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; Th2, T helper cell type 2; IFN, interferon; CEACAM-1, CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)—related cell adhesion molecule 1; TREM, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells; DAP12, DNAX activation protein 12.