Prevention of inflammatory bleeding by platelets
| . | Bleeding phenotype . | Bleeding cause . | Primary pathways for bleeding prevention . | Dispensable/secondary pathways for bleeding prevention . | References . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100% platelets . | <2.5% platelets . | |||||
| Abnormal inflammatory bleeding | ||||||
| Immune complex-induced dermatitis (rpA) | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | GPVI, (CLEC-2) | GPIb, VWF, GPIIIbIIIa, (P2Y12), (TXA2), (PAR4), S1P, platelet granules | 15, 20, 21, 32, 33, 34, 67, 92 |
| Irritant contact dermatitis | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | ND | ND | 15, 20 |
| UVB-induced dermatitis | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | ND | ND | 20 |
| LPS-induced lung inflammation | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | (GPVI), (CLEC-2) | GPIIbIIIa, S1P, (P2Y12), (TXA2), (PAR4), platelet granules | 15, 21, 32, 33, 63, 92 |
| Klebsiella-induced pneumonia | No bleeding | Bleeding | ND | ND | ND | 19 |
| Immunization (OVA/CFA) | No bleeding | Bleeding | Lymphocytes | CLEC-2, podoplanin | GPIIbIIIa, platelet S1P | 21, 44 |
| Immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | ND | GPIb | 25 |
| Cerebral IRI (tMCAO) | No bleeding | Bleeding | ND | GPIIbIIIa, platelet granules | GPVI, GPIb, VWF | 15, 33, 48, 54, 55 |
| Viral infection (LCMV) | No bleeding | Bleeding | ND | GPIIbIIIa | GPIb, P-Selectin | 16, 17, 18 |
| Solid tumors (4T1, B16F10, LLC) | No bleeding | Bleeding | Macrophages and neutrophils | (Platelet granules) | GPIb, VWF, GPIIIbIIIa | 22, 23, 43 |
| No abnormal inflammatory bleeding | ||||||
| Arthritis | No bleeding | No bleeding | NA | NA | NA | 36, 37 |
| Thioglycolate-induced peritonitis | No bleeding | No bleeding | NA | NA | NA | 2 |
| Immune complex-induced peritonitis | No bleeding | No bleeding | NA | NA | NA | 34 |
| Endotoxemia | No bleeding | No bleeding | NA | NA | NA | 35 |
| . | Bleeding phenotype . | Bleeding cause . | Primary pathways for bleeding prevention . | Dispensable/secondary pathways for bleeding prevention . | References . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100% platelets . | <2.5% platelets . | |||||
| Abnormal inflammatory bleeding | ||||||
| Immune complex-induced dermatitis (rpA) | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | GPVI, (CLEC-2) | GPIb, VWF, GPIIIbIIIa, (P2Y12), (TXA2), (PAR4), S1P, platelet granules | 15, 20, 21, 32, 33, 34, 67, 92 |
| Irritant contact dermatitis | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | ND | ND | 15, 20 |
| UVB-induced dermatitis | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | ND | ND | 20 |
| LPS-induced lung inflammation | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | (GPVI), (CLEC-2) | GPIIbIIIa, S1P, (P2Y12), (TXA2), (PAR4), platelet granules | 15, 21, 32, 33, 63, 92 |
| Klebsiella-induced pneumonia | No bleeding | Bleeding | ND | ND | ND | 19 |
| Immunization (OVA/CFA) | No bleeding | Bleeding | Lymphocytes | CLEC-2, podoplanin | GPIIbIIIa, platelet S1P | 21, 44 |
| Immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis | No bleeding | Bleeding | Neutrophils | ND | GPIb | 25 |
| Cerebral IRI (tMCAO) | No bleeding | Bleeding | ND | GPIIbIIIa, platelet granules | GPVI, GPIb, VWF | 15, 33, 48, 54, 55 |
| Viral infection (LCMV) | No bleeding | Bleeding | ND | GPIIbIIIa | GPIb, P-Selectin | 16, 17, 18 |
| Solid tumors (4T1, B16F10, LLC) | No bleeding | Bleeding | Macrophages and neutrophils | (Platelet granules) | GPIb, VWF, GPIIIbIIIa | 22, 23, 43 |
| No abnormal inflammatory bleeding | ||||||
| Arthritis | No bleeding | No bleeding | NA | NA | NA | 36, 37 |
| Thioglycolate-induced peritonitis | No bleeding | No bleeding | NA | NA | NA | 2 |
| Immune complex-induced peritonitis | No bleeding | No bleeding | NA | NA | NA | 34 |
| Endotoxemia | No bleeding | No bleeding | NA | NA | NA | 35 |
Overview of the experimental models of inflammation in which immunodepletion of platelets (<2.5% platelets) was reported to cause abnormal inflammatory bleeding or not. For each model, when known, the causes of inflammatory bleeding as well as the pathways involved or not for the prevention of bleeding are indicated. Candidate pathways whose role was investigated using platelet adoptive transfer methods based on platelet transfusion experiments are indicated in parentheses and italics.
IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, not determined; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NA, not applicable; OVA/CFA, ovalbumin/complete Freund's adjuvant; rpA, reverse passive Arthus reaction; tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.