Characteristics of patients and of UE-DVT per group
| Variable . | G1 (n = 23) . | G2 neonates (n = 25) . | G2 non-neonates (n = 110) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 16 y (15, 17 y) | 15 d (12, 23 d) | 3.7 y (3.2 mo, 10.7 y) | <.001* |
| Follow-up time, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 1.6 y (1.0, 2.1) | 3.7 y (2.0, 6.3) | 3.0 y (1.7, 4.9) | <.001* |
| Sex ratio (male:female) | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | .50† |
| BMI median (25th, 75th percentile) weight-for-length percentiles | 64 (42, 79) | −15 (<3-50) | 65 (26, 86) 25 (<3-50) | .99* |
| Underlying conditions | 0 | <.001‡ | ||
| None | 23 (100%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Postsurgical | 0 | 20 (80%) | 43 (38%) | |
| CHD | 0 | 15 (60%) | 23 (21%) | |
| Prematurity | 0 | 4 (16%) | 25 (23%) | |
| Cancer | 0 | 0 | 34 (31%) | |
| IBD | 0 | 0 | 10 (9%) | |
| Thrombophilia# | — | |||
| FVL homozygous | 1 (4%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | |
| FVL heterozygous | 5 (22%) | 0 | 5 (6%) | |
| PTG heterozygous | 1 (4%) | 0 | 3 (4%) | |
| AT deficiency | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | |
| PS deficiency | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | |
| APS | 1 (4%) | 0 | 2 (2%) | |
| Elevated factor VIII | 1 (4%) | 0 | 7 (8%) | |
| Elevated Lp(a) | 1 (4%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Causes of DVT | <.001‡ | |||
| Line-related | 0 | 25 (56% CVL, 44% PICC) | 101 (59% PICC, 22% CVL, 15% ports, 4% other) | |
| Effort/idiopathic | 23 (100%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Mass | 0 | 0 | 6 (5%) | |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 3 (3%) | |
| Symptoms of acute DVT | 23 (100%) | 3 (12%) | 55 (50%) | <.001† |
| Imaging modality for DVT | 5 (23%) | — | ||
| US | 24 (96%) | 95 (86%) | ||
| Venogram | — | 1 (4%) | 3 (3%) | |
| S+venogram | 5 (23%) | — | 7 (6%) | |
| US+MRV | 2 (9%) | — | — | |
| US+CT | — | — | 5 (5%) | |
| US+MRV+venogram | 11 (45%) | — | — | |
| Therapeutic modality for DVT | <.001† | |||
| Anticoagulant therapy | 15 (65%) | 25 (100%) | 92 (83%) | |
| Anticoagulant prophylaxis | 0 | 0 | 3 (3%) | |
| Thrombolysis | 8 (35%)§ | 0 | 2 (2%)¶ | |
| No treatment | 0 | 0 | 13 (12%) |
| Variable . | G1 (n = 23) . | G2 neonates (n = 25) . | G2 non-neonates (n = 110) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 16 y (15, 17 y) | 15 d (12, 23 d) | 3.7 y (3.2 mo, 10.7 y) | <.001* |
| Follow-up time, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 1.6 y (1.0, 2.1) | 3.7 y (2.0, 6.3) | 3.0 y (1.7, 4.9) | <.001* |
| Sex ratio (male:female) | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | .50† |
| BMI median (25th, 75th percentile) weight-for-length percentiles | 64 (42, 79) | −15 (<3-50) | 65 (26, 86) 25 (<3-50) | .99* |
| Underlying conditions | 0 | <.001‡ | ||
| None | 23 (100%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Postsurgical | 0 | 20 (80%) | 43 (38%) | |
| CHD | 0 | 15 (60%) | 23 (21%) | |
| Prematurity | 0 | 4 (16%) | 25 (23%) | |
| Cancer | 0 | 0 | 34 (31%) | |
| IBD | 0 | 0 | 10 (9%) | |
| Thrombophilia# | — | |||
| FVL homozygous | 1 (4%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | |
| FVL heterozygous | 5 (22%) | 0 | 5 (6%) | |
| PTG heterozygous | 1 (4%) | 0 | 3 (4%) | |
| AT deficiency | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | |
| PS deficiency | 0 | 0 | 1 (1%) | |
| APS | 1 (4%) | 0 | 2 (2%) | |
| Elevated factor VIII | 1 (4%) | 0 | 7 (8%) | |
| Elevated Lp(a) | 1 (4%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Causes of DVT | <.001‡ | |||
| Line-related | 0 | 25 (56% CVL, 44% PICC) | 101 (59% PICC, 22% CVL, 15% ports, 4% other) | |
| Effort/idiopathic | 23 (100%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Mass | 0 | 0 | 6 (5%) | |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 3 (3%) | |
| Symptoms of acute DVT | 23 (100%) | 3 (12%) | 55 (50%) | <.001† |
| Imaging modality for DVT | 5 (23%) | — | ||
| US | 24 (96%) | 95 (86%) | ||
| Venogram | — | 1 (4%) | 3 (3%) | |
| S+venogram | 5 (23%) | — | 7 (6%) | |
| US+MRV | 2 (9%) | — | — | |
| US+CT | — | — | 5 (5%) | |
| US+MRV+venogram | 11 (45%) | — | — | |
| Therapeutic modality for DVT | <.001† | |||
| Anticoagulant therapy | 15 (65%) | 25 (100%) | 92 (83%) | |
| Anticoagulant prophylaxis | 0 | 0 | 3 (3%) | |
| Thrombolysis | 8 (35%)§ | 0 | 2 (2%)¶ | |
| No treatment | 0 | 0 | 13 (12%) |
APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; AT, antithrombin; CHD, congenital heart disease; CT, computed tomography; G1, primary UE-DVT group; G2, secondary UE-DVT group; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; Lp(a), lipoprotein (a); MRV, magnetic resonance venogram; PICC, peripherally inserted central catheter; PS, protein S; US, Doppler ultrasound.
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon.
χ2.
Fisher exact test.
Local pharmaco-mechanical thrombolysis.
Systemic thrombolysis.
Patients tested for thrombophilia were n = 23 of 23 for G1, 16 of 25 for G2 neonates, and 84 of 110 for G2 non-neonates.