Table 1. Causes for recurrent VTE for... | American Society of Hematology

Table 1.

Causes for recurrent VTE for patients who are receiving appropriate anticoagulation therapy

Underlying disease	Mechanisms	Reference
Cancer	Activation of coagulation factors and platelets, inflammatory cytokines with endothelial cell activation, neutrophil extracellular traps, adhesion molecules	10
Antiphospholipid syndrome	Annexin V shield disruption, neutrophil extracellular traps, endothelial cell activation, inhibition of protein C or fibrinolysis	65
Vasculitis (Behçet disease)	Diminished nitric oxide, impaired protein C pathway, elevated platelet-derived microparticles	66
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria	Complement activation, ADP release from lysed red cells, decreased fibrinolysis	67
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia	Platelet activation, platelet-derived microparticles	68
Pregnancy	Increased coagulation factors, impaired protein C pathway, inhibition of fibrinolysis, compression of left iliac vein	69
Vascular abnormalities	Venous compression in May-Thurner and thoracic outlet syndromes	25

Underlying disease	Mechanisms	Reference
Cancer	Activation of coagulation factors and platelets, inflammatory cytokines with endothelial cell activation, neutrophil extracellular traps, adhesion molecules	10
Antiphospholipid syndrome	Annexin V shield disruption, neutrophil extracellular traps, endothelial cell activation, inhibition of protein C or fibrinolysis	65
Vasculitis (Behçet disease)	Diminished nitric oxide, impaired protein C pathway, elevated platelet-derived microparticles	66
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria	Complement activation, ADP release from lysed red cells, decreased fibrinolysis	67
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia	Platelet activation, platelet-derived microparticles	68
Pregnancy	Increased coagulation factors, impaired protein C pathway, inhibition of fibrinolysis, compression of left iliac vein	69
Vascular abnormalities	Venous compression in May-Thurner and thoracic outlet syndromes	25