Reagents of clinical utility in the evaluation of maturing myeloid and monocytic neoplasms
| Reagent . | Normal distribution . | Clinical utility in myeloid and monocytic neoplasms . | Comments . |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD11b | Maturing neutrophilic and monocytic cells, some lymphoid cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | — |
| CD13 | Neutrophilic and monocytic cells. | Indicator of neutrophilic and monocytic lineage in acute leukemia. May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | |
| CD14 | Monocytes. | Indicator of monocytic differentiation. | Not a sensitive marker of immature monocytes. |
| CD15 | Maturing neutrophilic cells and monocytes. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | — |
| CD16 | Maturing neutrophilic cells, monocytes and NK cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | — |
| CD33 | Neutrophilic and monocytic cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | Some normal variability in intensity of expression. |
| CD34 | B-cell and T-cell precursors and myeloblasts. | Identification and enumeration of blasts. | Not all blasts are CD34+. |
| CD45 | All B cells (weaker intensity on precursors and plasma cells), all T cells (weaker intensity on precursors). | Identification of blasts (CD45 gating often with low orthogonal (side) light scatter). | — |
| CD56 | NK cells and NK-like T cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | Low level of expression on regenerating normal neutrophilic and monocytic cells and with growth factor stimulation. |
| CD117 | Immature neutrophilic cells and mast cells. | Identification myeloblasts and mast cells. | May be present in myeloma and some T-cell neoplasms. |
| HLA-DR | Myeloblasts, monocytes, all B cells, activated T cells. | Identification of promyelocytes, such as in APL. May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | Non-APL AML may also be negative. |
| CD2* | T cells, NK cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML; some association with inv16. May be aberrantly expressed in systemic mastocytosis. | — |
| CD4* | T-cell subset, monocytic. | Often positive in AML, particularly with monocytic differentiation. | Also mature T-cell neoplasms and HDN. |
| CD7* | T cells and NK cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | |
| CD25* | Activated B cells and T cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in systemic mastocytosis. | Reported association with BCR/ABL+ ALL. |
| CD36* | Monocytes, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes and platelets. | When used in combination with CD64 is a more sensitive marker of monocytic differentiation than CD14. | — |
| CD38* | Precursor B cells (hematogones), normal follicle center B cells, immature and activated T cells, plasma cells (bright intensity), myeloid and monocytic cells, and erythroid precursors. | Identification of early bone marrow progenitor cell populations for further evaluation of phenotypic abnormalities. | — |
| CD41* | Megakaryocytes and platelets. | Megakaryocytic differentiation. | May detect nonspecific binding of platelet proteins to other cells such as monocytes. |
| CD61* | Megakaryocytes and platelets. | Megakaryocytic differentiation. | May detect nonspecific adherence of platelet proteins to other cells such as monocytes. Sometimes combined with CD42b to distinguish platelets from blasts. |
| CD61, cytoplasmic* | Megakaryocytes and platelets. | Megakaryocytic differentiation. | May demonstrate fewer problems with adherence of platelet proteins. |
| CD64* | Monocytes and intermediate neutrophilic precursors. | Identification of monocytic differentiation. May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | Gained on mature neutrophils with sepsis. |
| CD71* | Erythroid precursors (bright), myeloid, activated lymphoid, proliferating cells. | Identification of immature erythroid cells. Possibly expressed in MDS. | — |
| cMPO* | Neutrophilic and monocytic cells. | Indicator of myeloid differentiation. | In contrast to cytochemical stain, measures the presence of antigen, not enzyme activity. |
| CD117* | Immature neutrophilic cells and mast cells. | Identification myeloblasts. | May be expressed by cells more mature cells than blasts. |
| CD123* | Monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, megakaryocytes, and plasma cytoid dendritic cells (bright). | Identification HDN. Positive some AML, especially with monocytic differentiation. | Plasmacytoid dendritic cells may be increased in some reactive conditions such as Castleman disease and Kikuchi lymphadenitis and in association with MPD. |
| CD163* | Monocyte, macrophage. | Indicator of monocytic differentiation. | — |
| CD235a* | Erythroid precursors. | Indicator of erythroid maturation. | Not present on some immature erythroid precursors. |
| Reagent . | Normal distribution . | Clinical utility in myeloid and monocytic neoplasms . | Comments . |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD11b | Maturing neutrophilic and monocytic cells, some lymphoid cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | — |
| CD13 | Neutrophilic and monocytic cells. | Indicator of neutrophilic and monocytic lineage in acute leukemia. May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | |
| CD14 | Monocytes. | Indicator of monocytic differentiation. | Not a sensitive marker of immature monocytes. |
| CD15 | Maturing neutrophilic cells and monocytes. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | — |
| CD16 | Maturing neutrophilic cells, monocytes and NK cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | — |
| CD33 | Neutrophilic and monocytic cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | Some normal variability in intensity of expression. |
| CD34 | B-cell and T-cell precursors and myeloblasts. | Identification and enumeration of blasts. | Not all blasts are CD34+. |
| CD45 | All B cells (weaker intensity on precursors and plasma cells), all T cells (weaker intensity on precursors). | Identification of blasts (CD45 gating often with low orthogonal (side) light scatter). | — |
| CD56 | NK cells and NK-like T cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | Low level of expression on regenerating normal neutrophilic and monocytic cells and with growth factor stimulation. |
| CD117 | Immature neutrophilic cells and mast cells. | Identification myeloblasts and mast cells. | May be present in myeloma and some T-cell neoplasms. |
| HLA-DR | Myeloblasts, monocytes, all B cells, activated T cells. | Identification of promyelocytes, such as in APL. May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | Non-APL AML may also be negative. |
| CD2* | T cells, NK cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML; some association with inv16. May be aberrantly expressed in systemic mastocytosis. | — |
| CD4* | T-cell subset, monocytic. | Often positive in AML, particularly with monocytic differentiation. | Also mature T-cell neoplasms and HDN. |
| CD7* | T cells and NK cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | |
| CD25* | Activated B cells and T cells. | May be aberrantly expressed in systemic mastocytosis. | Reported association with BCR/ABL+ ALL. |
| CD36* | Monocytes, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes and platelets. | When used in combination with CD64 is a more sensitive marker of monocytic differentiation than CD14. | — |
| CD38* | Precursor B cells (hematogones), normal follicle center B cells, immature and activated T cells, plasma cells (bright intensity), myeloid and monocytic cells, and erythroid precursors. | Identification of early bone marrow progenitor cell populations for further evaluation of phenotypic abnormalities. | — |
| CD41* | Megakaryocytes and platelets. | Megakaryocytic differentiation. | May detect nonspecific binding of platelet proteins to other cells such as monocytes. |
| CD61* | Megakaryocytes and platelets. | Megakaryocytic differentiation. | May detect nonspecific adherence of platelet proteins to other cells such as monocytes. Sometimes combined with CD42b to distinguish platelets from blasts. |
| CD61, cytoplasmic* | Megakaryocytes and platelets. | Megakaryocytic differentiation. | May demonstrate fewer problems with adherence of platelet proteins. |
| CD64* | Monocytes and intermediate neutrophilic precursors. | Identification of monocytic differentiation. May be aberrantly expressed in AML, MDS, and MPD. | Gained on mature neutrophils with sepsis. |
| CD71* | Erythroid precursors (bright), myeloid, activated lymphoid, proliferating cells. | Identification of immature erythroid cells. Possibly expressed in MDS. | — |
| cMPO* | Neutrophilic and monocytic cells. | Indicator of myeloid differentiation. | In contrast to cytochemical stain, measures the presence of antigen, not enzyme activity. |
| CD117* | Immature neutrophilic cells and mast cells. | Identification myeloblasts. | May be expressed by cells more mature cells than blasts. |
| CD123* | Monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, megakaryocytes, and plasma cytoid dendritic cells (bright). | Identification HDN. Positive some AML, especially with monocytic differentiation. | Plasmacytoid dendritic cells may be increased in some reactive conditions such as Castleman disease and Kikuchi lymphadenitis and in association with MPD. |
| CD163* | Monocyte, macrophage. | Indicator of monocytic differentiation. | — |
| CD235a* | Erythroid precursors. | Indicator of erythroid maturation. | Not present on some immature erythroid precursors. |
Reagents included in this table were recommended in the consensus guidelines.
— indicates no entry.
These reagents may be considered for secondary evaluation after other reagents listed have been used in the initial evaluation.