Summary of 3D in vitro and in vivo assays examining the vascularization potential of ESCs and ESC-derived endothelial cells
| In vitro . | In vivo . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| Vessellike formation was followed during EB differentiation for 2 weeks. | — | Levenberg et al29 |
| PECAM1+ cells were isolated from 13-day-old EBs and seeded on matrigel. Vessel formation was assessed. | — | Levenberg et al29 |
| PECAM1+ cells were isolated from 13-day-old EBs and seeded on PLLA/PLGA scaffolds. | Immediately after seeding, the seeded scaffolds were transplanted in the dorsal region of SCID mice. Vessel formation and function was evaluated. | Levenberg et al29 |
| Nine-day-old EB cells were seeded on matrigel or PLLA/PLGA scaffolds and cultured for 2 weeks in the presence of growth factor (RA, TGF-β, activin-a, or IGF-I). Vessel formation was examined. | Seeded PLLA/PLGA scaffolds were transplanted in the dorsal region of SCID mice. Vessel formation and function was evaluated. | Levenberg et al37 |
| PECAM1+ cells, isolated from 13-day-old EBs, were cocultured with myoblasts and embryonic fibroblasts on PLLA/PLGA scaffolds and cultured for 2 weeks from a vascularized muscle construct. | The seeded scaffolds were transplanted subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and replacing the interior abdominal muscle segment in SCID mice and rats. Vessel formation and function was evaluated. | Levenberg et al3 |
| Undifferentiated hESCs were seeded on alginate gels. After 30 days in culture, CD34+ cells forming lumens were observed. | — | Gerecht-Nir et al38 |
| hESCs were grown on IV collagen–coated dishes, filtered, and then seeded on type I collagen and matrigel. Vessel formation was assessed upon supplementing 50 μg VEGF and culturing for 7 to 12 days. | — | Gerecht-Nir et al36 |
| Rhesus ESCs were grown in the presence of growth factors (VEGF, bFGF, IGF-1, and EGF) for 29 days and then seeded on matrigel. | (1) A mixture of rhesus ESC–derived endothelial cells and matrigel were injected subcutaneously in SCID mice. Neovessel formation was detected. (2) A mixture of rhesus ESC–derived endothelial cells and matrigel were mounted on polyvinyl sponges and transplanted into SCID mice. Angiogenesis was detected. (3) oinjecting a mixture of tumor cells and rhesus ESC–derived endothelial cells subcutaneously in SCID mice increased tumor growth rate. | Kaufman et al39 |
| — | Vessel formation was studied during teratoma formation in SCID mice by injection of hESCs. Evaluation was performed 6 weeks after injection. | Gerecht-Nir et al40 |
| — | Vessel formation in 4-, 7-, and 8-week-old human embryos. | Gerecht-Nir et al40 |
| In vitro . | In vivo . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| Vessellike formation was followed during EB differentiation for 2 weeks. | — | Levenberg et al29 |
| PECAM1+ cells were isolated from 13-day-old EBs and seeded on matrigel. Vessel formation was assessed. | — | Levenberg et al29 |
| PECAM1+ cells were isolated from 13-day-old EBs and seeded on PLLA/PLGA scaffolds. | Immediately after seeding, the seeded scaffolds were transplanted in the dorsal region of SCID mice. Vessel formation and function was evaluated. | Levenberg et al29 |
| Nine-day-old EB cells were seeded on matrigel or PLLA/PLGA scaffolds and cultured for 2 weeks in the presence of growth factor (RA, TGF-β, activin-a, or IGF-I). Vessel formation was examined. | Seeded PLLA/PLGA scaffolds were transplanted in the dorsal region of SCID mice. Vessel formation and function was evaluated. | Levenberg et al37 |
| PECAM1+ cells, isolated from 13-day-old EBs, were cocultured with myoblasts and embryonic fibroblasts on PLLA/PLGA scaffolds and cultured for 2 weeks from a vascularized muscle construct. | The seeded scaffolds were transplanted subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and replacing the interior abdominal muscle segment in SCID mice and rats. Vessel formation and function was evaluated. | Levenberg et al3 |
| Undifferentiated hESCs were seeded on alginate gels. After 30 days in culture, CD34+ cells forming lumens were observed. | — | Gerecht-Nir et al38 |
| hESCs were grown on IV collagen–coated dishes, filtered, and then seeded on type I collagen and matrigel. Vessel formation was assessed upon supplementing 50 μg VEGF and culturing for 7 to 12 days. | — | Gerecht-Nir et al36 |
| Rhesus ESCs were grown in the presence of growth factors (VEGF, bFGF, IGF-1, and EGF) for 29 days and then seeded on matrigel. | (1) A mixture of rhesus ESC–derived endothelial cells and matrigel were injected subcutaneously in SCID mice. Neovessel formation was detected. (2) A mixture of rhesus ESC–derived endothelial cells and matrigel were mounted on polyvinyl sponges and transplanted into SCID mice. Angiogenesis was detected. (3) oinjecting a mixture of tumor cells and rhesus ESC–derived endothelial cells subcutaneously in SCID mice increased tumor growth rate. | Kaufman et al39 |
| — | Vessel formation was studied during teratoma formation in SCID mice by injection of hESCs. Evaluation was performed 6 weeks after injection. | Gerecht-Nir et al40 |
| — | Vessel formation in 4-, 7-, and 8-week-old human embryos. | Gerecht-Nir et al40 |
— indicates not available.