Harmful effects of unrelieved pain.
| Domains affected . | Specific responses to pain . |
|---|---|
| May be duplicated for use in clinical practice. From McCaffrey M, Pasero C. Pain: Clinical Manual, p. 24.18 Copyright © 1999, Mosby, Inc., with permission. | |
| Endocrine | ↑Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), ↑ cortisol, ↑ antidiuretic hormone, ↑ epinephrine, ↑ norepinephrine, ↑ growth hormone (GH), ↑ catecholamines, ↑ renin, ↑ angiotensin II, ↑ Aldosterone, ↑ glucagons, ↑ interleukin-1, ↓ insulin, ↓ testosterone |
| Metabolic | Gluconeogenesis, hepatic glycogenolysis, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, muscle protein catabolism, ↑ lipolysis |
| Cardiovascular | ↑ Heart rate, ↑ cardiac output, ↑ peripheral vascular resistance, ↑ systemic vascular resistance, hypertension, ↑ coronary vascular resistance, ↑ myocardial oxygen consumption, hypercoagulation, deep vein thrombosis |
| Respiratory | ↓ Flows and volumes, atelectasis, shunting, hypoxemia, ↓ cough, sputum retention, infection |
| Genitourinary | ↓ Urinary output, urinary retention, fluid overload, hypokalemia |
| Gastrointestinal | ↓ Gastric and bowel motility |
| Musculoskeletal | Muscle spasm, impaired muscle function, fatigue, immobility |
| Cognitive | Reduction in cognitive function, mental confusion |
| Immune | Depression of immune response |
| Developmental | ↑ Behavioral and physiologic responses to pain, altered temperaments, higher somatization, infant distress behavior, possible altered development of the pain system, ↑ vulnerability to stress disorders, addictive behavior, and anxiety states |
| Future pain | Debilitating chronic pain syndromes |
| Quality of life | Sleeplessness, anxiety, fear, hopelessness, ↑ thoughts of suicide |
| Domains affected . | Specific responses to pain . |
|---|---|
| May be duplicated for use in clinical practice. From McCaffrey M, Pasero C. Pain: Clinical Manual, p. 24.18 Copyright © 1999, Mosby, Inc., with permission. | |
| Endocrine | ↑Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), ↑ cortisol, ↑ antidiuretic hormone, ↑ epinephrine, ↑ norepinephrine, ↑ growth hormone (GH), ↑ catecholamines, ↑ renin, ↑ angiotensin II, ↑ Aldosterone, ↑ glucagons, ↑ interleukin-1, ↓ insulin, ↓ testosterone |
| Metabolic | Gluconeogenesis, hepatic glycogenolysis, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, muscle protein catabolism, ↑ lipolysis |
| Cardiovascular | ↑ Heart rate, ↑ cardiac output, ↑ peripheral vascular resistance, ↑ systemic vascular resistance, hypertension, ↑ coronary vascular resistance, ↑ myocardial oxygen consumption, hypercoagulation, deep vein thrombosis |
| Respiratory | ↓ Flows and volumes, atelectasis, shunting, hypoxemia, ↓ cough, sputum retention, infection |
| Genitourinary | ↓ Urinary output, urinary retention, fluid overload, hypokalemia |
| Gastrointestinal | ↓ Gastric and bowel motility |
| Musculoskeletal | Muscle spasm, impaired muscle function, fatigue, immobility |
| Cognitive | Reduction in cognitive function, mental confusion |
| Immune | Depression of immune response |
| Developmental | ↑ Behavioral and physiologic responses to pain, altered temperaments, higher somatization, infant distress behavior, possible altered development of the pain system, ↑ vulnerability to stress disorders, addictive behavior, and anxiety states |
| Future pain | Debilitating chronic pain syndromes |
| Quality of life | Sleeplessness, anxiety, fear, hopelessness, ↑ thoughts of suicide |