Characteristic physical findings in the inherited bone marrow failure syndromes.
System . | Fanconi anemia . | Dyskeratosis congenita . | Diamond-Blackfan anemia . | Shwachman-Diamond syndrome . | Severe congenital neutropenia2 . | Amega . | Thrombocytopenia absent radii . |
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Abbreviations: Amega, amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia; UGR, intrauterine growth retardation; ASD, atrial septal defect; VSD, ventricular septal defect. | |||||||
1The DC diagnostic triad includes pigmentation, dysplastic nails, and oral leukoplakia. | |||||||
2Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndome. | |||||||
3Revesz syndrome. | |||||||
Skin | Café au lait, hyperpigmentation | Reticulated lacey pigmentation1 | — | — | — | — | — |
Short | Yes | Some; IUGR2 | Yes | Yes | — | — | Some |
Upper limbs | Abnormal thumbs, radii | Dysplastic fingernails1 | Abnormal or triphalangeal thumbs, flat thenars | — | — | — | Absent radii, abnormal ulnae, humeri; thumbs present |
Male gonads | Hypogonadism, cryptorchidism | Hypogonadism, urethral stricture | — | — | — | — | Occasional cryptorchidism |
Head, face | Microcephaly, triangular face | Microcephaly2 | — | Some dysmorphic facies | — | — | Hemangiomas |
Eyes | Microphthalmia | Lacrimal duct stenosis, exudative retinopathy3 | Hypertelorism, epicanthal folds | — | — | — | Hypertelorism, strabismus |
Renal | Ectopic, horseshoe | Rare | — | — | — | Horseshoe | |
Ears, hearing | Small canals, deafness | Rare deafness | Rare microtia | — | — | — | Low set |
Lower limbs | Congenital dislocation of hips | Dysplastic toenails | — | Metaphyseal dysostosis | — | — | Dislocated hips, abnormal knees |
Cardiopulmonary | Rare | Pulmonary fibrosis | ASD, VSD | — | — | — | Cardiac anomalies |
Gastrointestinal | Structural anomalies (atresias, imperforate anus) | Esophageal strictures, liver fibrosis | — | Malabsorption | — | — | Cow’s milk allergy |
Hair | — | Sparse, early grey | — | — | — | — | — |
Oral | — | Leukoplakia,1 caries | Cleft lip, palate | — | — | — | Micrognathia |
Skeletal | Bony deformities | Osteoporosis, aseptic necroses | Short neck, Sprengel, Klippel-Feil | Metaphyseal dysostosis, thoracic dystrophy | — | — | Arms, legs |
Developmental delay | Some | Some2 | Rare | Some | — | — | — |
Central nervous system | Small pituitary, PSIS | Cerebellar hypoplasia2 | — | — | — | — | — |
Normal | ~25% | ~10%? | ~70% | ? | All | All | None |
System . | Fanconi anemia . | Dyskeratosis congenita . | Diamond-Blackfan anemia . | Shwachman-Diamond syndrome . | Severe congenital neutropenia2 . | Amega . | Thrombocytopenia absent radii . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbreviations: Amega, amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia; UGR, intrauterine growth retardation; ASD, atrial septal defect; VSD, ventricular septal defect. | |||||||
1The DC diagnostic triad includes pigmentation, dysplastic nails, and oral leukoplakia. | |||||||
2Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndome. | |||||||
3Revesz syndrome. | |||||||
Skin | Café au lait, hyperpigmentation | Reticulated lacey pigmentation1 | — | — | — | — | — |
Short | Yes | Some; IUGR2 | Yes | Yes | — | — | Some |
Upper limbs | Abnormal thumbs, radii | Dysplastic fingernails1 | Abnormal or triphalangeal thumbs, flat thenars | — | — | — | Absent radii, abnormal ulnae, humeri; thumbs present |
Male gonads | Hypogonadism, cryptorchidism | Hypogonadism, urethral stricture | — | — | — | — | Occasional cryptorchidism |
Head, face | Microcephaly, triangular face | Microcephaly2 | — | Some dysmorphic facies | — | — | Hemangiomas |
Eyes | Microphthalmia | Lacrimal duct stenosis, exudative retinopathy3 | Hypertelorism, epicanthal folds | — | — | — | Hypertelorism, strabismus |
Renal | Ectopic, horseshoe | Rare | — | — | — | Horseshoe | |
Ears, hearing | Small canals, deafness | Rare deafness | Rare microtia | — | — | — | Low set |
Lower limbs | Congenital dislocation of hips | Dysplastic toenails | — | Metaphyseal dysostosis | — | — | Dislocated hips, abnormal knees |
Cardiopulmonary | Rare | Pulmonary fibrosis | ASD, VSD | — | — | — | Cardiac anomalies |
Gastrointestinal | Structural anomalies (atresias, imperforate anus) | Esophageal strictures, liver fibrosis | — | Malabsorption | — | — | Cow’s milk allergy |
Hair | — | Sparse, early grey | — | — | — | — | — |
Oral | — | Leukoplakia,1 caries | Cleft lip, palate | — | — | — | Micrognathia |
Skeletal | Bony deformities | Osteoporosis, aseptic necroses | Short neck, Sprengel, Klippel-Feil | Metaphyseal dysostosis, thoracic dystrophy | — | — | Arms, legs |
Developmental delay | Some | Some2 | Rare | Some | — | — | — |
Central nervous system | Small pituitary, PSIS | Cerebellar hypoplasia2 | — | — | — | — | — |
Normal | ~25% | ~10%? | ~70% | ? | All | All | None |