Characteristics among California patients with SCD with and without CVEs, 1991-2019
| Variables . | All . | First ischemic . | First ICH . | First TIA . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) . | n (%) . | n (%) . | n (%) . | |
| All | 7636 (100%) | 451 (5.9%) | 227 (3%) | 205 (2.7%) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 3566 (46.7%) | 197 (43.7%) | 108 (47.6%) | 72 (35.1%) |
| Female | 4070 (53.3%) | 254 (56.3%) | 119 (52.4%) | 133 (64.9%) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 6787 (88.9%) | 413 (91.6%) | 215 (94.7%) | 182 (88.8%) |
| Non-Black | 849 (11.1%) | 38 (8.4%) | 12 (5.3%) | 23 (11.2%) |
| Hospitalization frequency∗ | ||||
| Less frequent | 4162 (54.5%) | 185 (41%) | 93 (41%) | 64 (31.2%) |
| Frequent | 3474 (45.5%) | 266 (59%) | 134 (59%) | 141 (68.8%) |
| Comorbidities present before each first event type | ||||
| ACS | 4482 (58.7%) | 249 (55.2%) | 140 (61.7%) | 115 (56.1%) |
| Renal failure | 937 (12.3%) | 63 (14%) | 50 (22%) | 26 (12.7%) |
| Liver disease | 953 (12.5%) | 56 (12.4%) | 39 (17.2%) | 23 (11.2%) |
| AFIB | 481 (6.3%) | 41 (9.1%) | 17 (7.5%) | 12 (5.9%) |
| Pulmonary circulatory disorder | 1262 (16.5%) | 88 (19.5%) | — | 35 (17.1%) |
| Hypertension | 2531 (33.1%) | 175 (38.8%) | 97 (42.7%) | 73 (35.6%) |
| Cerebral or extracerebral vasculopathy | 143 (1.9%) | 22 (4.9%) | 14 (6.2%) | 8 (3.9%) |
| Ischemic stroke | 451 (5.9%) | — | 28 (12.3%) | — |
| Moyamoya | 84 (1.1%) | — | 6 (2.6%) | — |
| AVM | 19 (0.2%) | — | 1 (0.4%) | — |
| Nonruptured cerebral aneurysm | 75 (1%) | — | 2 (0.9%) | — |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 191 (2.5%) | 18 (4%) | — | 8 (3.9%) |
| PRES/hypertensive encephalopathy | 124 (1.6%) | 15 (3.3%) | 89 (1.3%) | 4 (2.0%) |
| Sleep apnea | 501 (6.6%) | 14 (3.1%) | — | 14 (6.8%) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 740 (9.7%) | 52 (11.5%) | — | 28 (13.7%) |
| Coagulopathy | 189 (2.5%) | — | 6 (2.6%) | — |
| Thrombocytopenia | 1473 (19.3%) | — | 55 (24.2%) | — |
| Variables . | All . | First ischemic . | First ICH . | First TIA . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) . | n (%) . | n (%) . | n (%) . | |
| All | 7636 (100%) | 451 (5.9%) | 227 (3%) | 205 (2.7%) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 3566 (46.7%) | 197 (43.7%) | 108 (47.6%) | 72 (35.1%) |
| Female | 4070 (53.3%) | 254 (56.3%) | 119 (52.4%) | 133 (64.9%) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 6787 (88.9%) | 413 (91.6%) | 215 (94.7%) | 182 (88.8%) |
| Non-Black | 849 (11.1%) | 38 (8.4%) | 12 (5.3%) | 23 (11.2%) |
| Hospitalization frequency∗ | ||||
| Less frequent | 4162 (54.5%) | 185 (41%) | 93 (41%) | 64 (31.2%) |
| Frequent | 3474 (45.5%) | 266 (59%) | 134 (59%) | 141 (68.8%) |
| Comorbidities present before each first event type | ||||
| ACS | 4482 (58.7%) | 249 (55.2%) | 140 (61.7%) | 115 (56.1%) |
| Renal failure | 937 (12.3%) | 63 (14%) | 50 (22%) | 26 (12.7%) |
| Liver disease | 953 (12.5%) | 56 (12.4%) | 39 (17.2%) | 23 (11.2%) |
| AFIB | 481 (6.3%) | 41 (9.1%) | 17 (7.5%) | 12 (5.9%) |
| Pulmonary circulatory disorder | 1262 (16.5%) | 88 (19.5%) | — | 35 (17.1%) |
| Hypertension | 2531 (33.1%) | 175 (38.8%) | 97 (42.7%) | 73 (35.6%) |
| Cerebral or extracerebral vasculopathy | 143 (1.9%) | 22 (4.9%) | 14 (6.2%) | 8 (3.9%) |
| Ischemic stroke | 451 (5.9%) | — | 28 (12.3%) | — |
| Moyamoya | 84 (1.1%) | — | 6 (2.6%) | — |
| AVM | 19 (0.2%) | — | 1 (0.4%) | — |
| Nonruptured cerebral aneurysm | 75 (1%) | — | 2 (0.9%) | — |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 191 (2.5%) | 18 (4%) | — | 8 (3.9%) |
| PRES/hypertensive encephalopathy | 124 (1.6%) | 15 (3.3%) | 89 (1.3%) | 4 (2.0%) |
| Sleep apnea | 501 (6.6%) | 14 (3.1%) | — | 14 (6.8%) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 740 (9.7%) | 52 (11.5%) | — | 28 (13.7%) |
| Coagulopathy | 189 (2.5%) | — | 6 (2.6%) | — |
| Thrombocytopenia | 1473 (19.3%) | — | 55 (24.2%) | — |
AFIB, atrial fibrillation; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; PRES, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
Hospitalization frequency: patients with SCD with an average of ≥3 visits per year (inpatient or ED) were defined as frequent; patients with an average of <3 visits per year were defined as less frequent.