Least squares (LS) mean differences with 95% Wald confidence intervals, P values, and effect sizes† of pain interference and fatigue outcomes. Both unadjusted models and models adjusted for clinical covariates are shown
| LS-means (95% CI) . | Pain interference . | Fatigue . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-report n = 60 . | P (ES) . | Parent-proxy n = 34 . | P (ES) . | Self-report n = 64 . | P (ES) . | Parent-proxy n = 34 . | P (ES) . | |
| Overall | 60.6 (58.1,63.1) | – | 63.6 (60.2,67.1) | – | 59.4 (56.2,62.5) | – | 58.6 (54.1,63.1) | – |
| Unadjusted | ||||||||
| Age, y | ||||||||
| <12 | 58.1 (52.3,63.9) | 0.297 (0.35) | 63.5 (58.7,68.4) | 0.896 (0.04) | 55.3 (47.5,63.1) | 0.204 (0.43) | 57.2 (51.3,63.0) | 0.317 (0.34) |
| ≥12 | 61.5 (58.8,64.2) | 63.9 (60.4,67.4) | 60.7 (57.5,63.9) | 61.5 (55.0,68.1) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 58.6 (55.2,62.0) | 0.116 (0.41) | 64.7 (60.8,68.6) | 0.576 (0.18) | 56.5 (52.1,60.9) | 0.070 (0.45) | 57.9 (50.9,64.8) | 0.785 (0.10) |
| Female | 62.6 (59.0,66.1) | 62.9 (57.7,68.1) | 62.2 (57.9,66.5) | 59.1 (53.1,65.1) | ||||
| Genotype | ||||||||
| HbSS/HbSβ0thalassemia /HbS-OArab | 60.5 (57.9,63.2) | 0.935 (0.03) | 64.0 (59.6,68.3) | 0.791 (0.10) | 59.8 (56.6,62.9) | 0.704 (0.14) | 59.9 (54.1,65.7) | 0.355 (0.32) |
| HbSC/HbS-β+thalassemia | 60.8 (54.4,67.2) | 63.0 (57.1,68.9) | 58.0 (49.3,66.7) | 55.8 (49.1,62.6) | ||||
| Hydroxyurea use | ||||||||
| No | 60.5 (54.9,66.2) | 0.981 (0.01) | 64.0 (58.1,69.9) | 0.881 (0.06) | 57.3 (49.9,64.8) | 0.479 (0.23) | 55.1 (48.0,62.2) | 0.234 (0.42) |
| Yes | 60.6 (57.9,63.3) | 63.5 (59.1,67.8) | 60.2 (57.0,63.4) | 60.5 (54.8,66.2) | ||||
| HCU for pain in past year | ||||||||
| <3 visits | 59.8 (56.6,63.1) | 0.276 (0.29) | 64.1 (60.2,68.1) | 0.789 (0.09) | 58.3 (54.1,62.6) | 0.393 (0.22) | 56.6 (51.3,62.0) | 0.399 (0.29) |
| ≥3 visits | 62.5 (58.9,66.1) | 63.2 (57.7,68.8) | 61.1 (56.3,65.9) | 60.3 (53.3,67.4) | ||||
| Adjusted∗ | ||||||||
| Age, y | ||||||||
| <12 | 59.6 (53.2,66.0) | 0.437 (0.28) | 63.5 (58.1,68.9) | 0.969 (0.01) | 55.2 (46.5,63.8) | 0.219 (0.44) | 57.0 (50.4,63.6) | 0.758 (0.12) |
| ≥12 | 62.2 (59.3,65.2) | 63.3 (58.4,68.3) | 60.7 (57.0,64.4) | 58.5 (50.9,66.1) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 58.5 (54.7,62.2) | 0.095 (0.47) | 64.4 (59.5,69.3) | 0.684 (0.15) | 55.9 (50.8,61.0) | 0.072 (0.48) | 57.0 (48.8,65.2) | 0.890 (0.05) |
| Female | 62.8 (58.8,66.8) | 62.9 (57.2,68.6) | 62.0 (57.1,66.9) | 57.7 (51.5,63.9) | ||||
| Genotype | ||||||||
| HbSS/HbSβ0thalassemia /HbS-OArab | 62.0 (57.8,66.1) | 0.712 (0.18) | 64.8 (58.7,70.9) | 0.680 (0.21) | 60.2 (55.1,65.3) | 0.698 (0.18) | 56.7 (48.9,64.5) | 0.766 (0.13) |
| HbSC/HbS-β+ thalassemia | 60.3 (53.4,67.2) | 62.7 (55.7,69.7) | 58.0 (49.1,66.9) | 58.4 (51.6,65.3) | ||||
| Hydroxyurea use | ||||||||
| No | 62.1 (56.1,68.2) | 0.622 (0.23) | 64.8 (57.6,72.0) | 0.692 (0.22) | 59.1 (51.2,67.0) | 0.999 (0.00) | 54.2 (45.3,63.1) | 0.352 (0.50) |
| Yes | 60.0 (55.1,64.9) | 62.7 (56.2,69.2) | 59.1 (52.8,65.3) | 60.6 (52.3,69.0) | ||||
| HCU for pain in past year | ||||||||
| <3 visits | 58.9 (55.1,62.7) | 0.146 (0.40) | 64.3 (59.9,68.8) | 0.904 (0.05) | 57.4 (52.6,62.1) | 0.387 (0.23) | 55.5 (49.5,61.4) | 0.329 (0.37) |
| ≥3 visits | 62.6 (58.8,66.4) | 63.9 (57.6,70.2) | 60.3 (55.1,65.5) | 60.2 (52.3,68.1) | ||||
| LS-means (95% CI) . | Pain interference . | Fatigue . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-report n = 60 . | P (ES) . | Parent-proxy n = 34 . | P (ES) . | Self-report n = 64 . | P (ES) . | Parent-proxy n = 34 . | P (ES) . | |
| Overall | 60.6 (58.1,63.1) | – | 63.6 (60.2,67.1) | – | 59.4 (56.2,62.5) | – | 58.6 (54.1,63.1) | – |
| Unadjusted | ||||||||
| Age, y | ||||||||
| <12 | 58.1 (52.3,63.9) | 0.297 (0.35) | 63.5 (58.7,68.4) | 0.896 (0.04) | 55.3 (47.5,63.1) | 0.204 (0.43) | 57.2 (51.3,63.0) | 0.317 (0.34) |
| ≥12 | 61.5 (58.8,64.2) | 63.9 (60.4,67.4) | 60.7 (57.5,63.9) | 61.5 (55.0,68.1) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 58.6 (55.2,62.0) | 0.116 (0.41) | 64.7 (60.8,68.6) | 0.576 (0.18) | 56.5 (52.1,60.9) | 0.070 (0.45) | 57.9 (50.9,64.8) | 0.785 (0.10) |
| Female | 62.6 (59.0,66.1) | 62.9 (57.7,68.1) | 62.2 (57.9,66.5) | 59.1 (53.1,65.1) | ||||
| Genotype | ||||||||
| HbSS/HbSβ0thalassemia /HbS-OArab | 60.5 (57.9,63.2) | 0.935 (0.03) | 64.0 (59.6,68.3) | 0.791 (0.10) | 59.8 (56.6,62.9) | 0.704 (0.14) | 59.9 (54.1,65.7) | 0.355 (0.32) |
| HbSC/HbS-β+thalassemia | 60.8 (54.4,67.2) | 63.0 (57.1,68.9) | 58.0 (49.3,66.7) | 55.8 (49.1,62.6) | ||||
| Hydroxyurea use | ||||||||
| No | 60.5 (54.9,66.2) | 0.981 (0.01) | 64.0 (58.1,69.9) | 0.881 (0.06) | 57.3 (49.9,64.8) | 0.479 (0.23) | 55.1 (48.0,62.2) | 0.234 (0.42) |
| Yes | 60.6 (57.9,63.3) | 63.5 (59.1,67.8) | 60.2 (57.0,63.4) | 60.5 (54.8,66.2) | ||||
| HCU for pain in past year | ||||||||
| <3 visits | 59.8 (56.6,63.1) | 0.276 (0.29) | 64.1 (60.2,68.1) | 0.789 (0.09) | 58.3 (54.1,62.6) | 0.393 (0.22) | 56.6 (51.3,62.0) | 0.399 (0.29) |
| ≥3 visits | 62.5 (58.9,66.1) | 63.2 (57.7,68.8) | 61.1 (56.3,65.9) | 60.3 (53.3,67.4) | ||||
| Adjusted∗ | ||||||||
| Age, y | ||||||||
| <12 | 59.6 (53.2,66.0) | 0.437 (0.28) | 63.5 (58.1,68.9) | 0.969 (0.01) | 55.2 (46.5,63.8) | 0.219 (0.44) | 57.0 (50.4,63.6) | 0.758 (0.12) |
| ≥12 | 62.2 (59.3,65.2) | 63.3 (58.4,68.3) | 60.7 (57.0,64.4) | 58.5 (50.9,66.1) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 58.5 (54.7,62.2) | 0.095 (0.47) | 64.4 (59.5,69.3) | 0.684 (0.15) | 55.9 (50.8,61.0) | 0.072 (0.48) | 57.0 (48.8,65.2) | 0.890 (0.05) |
| Female | 62.8 (58.8,66.8) | 62.9 (57.2,68.6) | 62.0 (57.1,66.9) | 57.7 (51.5,63.9) | ||||
| Genotype | ||||||||
| HbSS/HbSβ0thalassemia /HbS-OArab | 62.0 (57.8,66.1) | 0.712 (0.18) | 64.8 (58.7,70.9) | 0.680 (0.21) | 60.2 (55.1,65.3) | 0.698 (0.18) | 56.7 (48.9,64.5) | 0.766 (0.13) |
| HbSC/HbS-β+ thalassemia | 60.3 (53.4,67.2) | 62.7 (55.7,69.7) | 58.0 (49.1,66.9) | 58.4 (51.6,65.3) | ||||
| Hydroxyurea use | ||||||||
| No | 62.1 (56.1,68.2) | 0.622 (0.23) | 64.8 (57.6,72.0) | 0.692 (0.22) | 59.1 (51.2,67.0) | 0.999 (0.00) | 54.2 (45.3,63.1) | 0.352 (0.50) |
| Yes | 60.0 (55.1,64.9) | 62.7 (56.2,69.2) | 59.1 (52.8,65.3) | 60.6 (52.3,69.0) | ||||
| HCU for pain in past year | ||||||||
| <3 visits | 58.9 (55.1,62.7) | 0.146 (0.40) | 64.3 (59.9,68.8) | 0.904 (0.05) | 57.4 (52.6,62.1) | 0.387 (0.23) | 55.5 (49.5,61.4) | 0.329 (0.37) |
| ≥3 visits | 62.6 (58.8,66.4) | 63.9 (57.6,70.2) | 60.3 (55.1,65.5) | 60.2 (52.3,68.1) | ||||
Multivariable models consider the primary exposure and adjust for all other covariates; age was treated continuously when not considered the primary exposure.
ES = Effect size, interpreted as small (0.2), moderate (0.5), and large (0.8) and calculated by dividing outcome least squares mean differences by respective pooled standard deviations from the study sample.